Does hyperlinking require rightholders' permission? ALAI says ...

As Jeremy reported on The 1709 Blog a couple of days ago, last month the Executive Committee of the Association Littéraire at Artistique Internationale (ALAI) [Victor Hugo founded it in 1878] unanimously adopted a "Report and Opinion on the making available and communication to the public in the internet environment - focus on linking techniques on the Internet".

As IPKat readers will promptly recall, whether hyperlinking may be considered tantamount to making available or communication to the public is highly a controversial issue. For sure this is the case in Europe, where the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is expected to shed some light in this respect when it decides Case C-466/12 Svensson (here), Case C-279/13 C More Entertainment (here), and C-348/13 BestWater (here, but this case has been stayed pending the decision in Svensson). 

The main question, as formulated by the Swedish Svea hovrätt when it referred Svensson to the CJEU, is indeed the following:

If anyone other than the holder of copyright in a certain work supplies a clickable link to the work on his website, does that constitute communication to the public within the meaning of Article 3(1) of Directive 2001/29/EC (the InfoSoc Directive)?

The sub-questions are then:
  • Is this assessment affected if the work to which the link refers is on a website on the Internet which can be accessed by anyone without restrictions or if access is restricted in some way?
  • When making this assessment, should any distinction be drawn between a case where the work, after the user has clicked on the link, is shown on another website and one where the work, after the user has clicked on the link, is shown in such a way as to give the impression that it is appearing on the same website?
Last February the European Copyright Society released its Opinion (here and here), in which it concluded that hyperlinking in general should be regarded as an activity that is not covered by Article 3(1) of the InfoSoc Directive, essentially because:

a)    Establishing a hyperlink does not amount to "transmission" of a work, and such transmission is a pre-requisite for "communication";

b)    Even if transmission is not necessary for there to be a "communication", the rights of the copyright owner apply only to communication to the public "of the work", and whatever a hyperlink provides, it is not "of a work";

c)    Even if a hyperlink is regarded as a communication of a works, it is not to a "new public".

They are certainly linked,
but are they also communicating?
It would appear that ALAI has not really come to the same conclusions as the European Copyright Society. 

According to the Executive Summary of the Executive Committee's Opinion, the exclusive right of “making available” under the WIPO Copyright Treaty and the implementing EU legislation [the InfoSoc Directive intends the making available to the public of a work as something within the scope of the right of communication to the public] covers the offering to the public of a work for individualised streaming or downloading; in addition, where it takes place, the actual transmission of a work to members of the public also is covered, both irrespective of the technical means used for making available. In essence, what matters is that the act (i) is performed by an individual person (ii) directly or indirectly has the distinct effect of addressing the public, irrespective of the tool used by the individual, and (iii) concerns subject matter protected by copyright or related 
rights. 

As applied to hyperlinks, these findings lead to the following conclusions: 

            i.        The making available right covers links that enable members of the public to access specific protected material; 

           ii.        The making available right does not cover links that merely refer to a source from which a work may subsequently be accessed. 

The above means in particular that linking to targeted content infringes the “making available” right if 

            i.        The content is initially made available without the rightholder’s consent, or 

           ii.        Technical protection measures have been circumvented or 

There are times when usual
sphinx-like attitude
is difficult to keep
         iii.        The availability of the content, even if initially disclosed over the Internet with consent, otherwise clashes with the declared or clearly implied will of the rightholder. Hence, courts should not introduce a general presumption of the rightholder’s consent to further communication to the public of what initially has been posted on the Internet with the rightholder’s consent, since this would amount to introducing an exception or limitation to the right, while general exceptions to the scope of the “making available” right require legislative action. 

Given the different views on the actual legal nature of hyperlinking, guidance from the CJEU is keenly awaited. Like all felines, this Kat is usually wary of expressing her actual opinions, but this time she would feel much better if the Court said that in general hyperlinking is something to be left outwith the scope of copyright protection.
Does hyperlinking require rightholders' permission? ALAI says ... Does hyperlinking require rightholders' permission? ALAI says ... Reviewed by Eleonora Rosati on Wednesday, October 09, 2013 Rating: 5

5 comments:

  1. In the war of the opinions, at least the European Copyright Society offers clarity of expression, even if one might disagree. The ALAI contribution suffers from the same obfuscatory assessment of the family of "communication to the public rights" as do most of the text books on the subject. The notable exception is Ricketson. This opinion (which could have done with a check by a native speaker to lighten the heavy pronouncements of what consumers cannot do -everything it looks like) . Every use of the internet is. therefore, licensable , we must conclude. Hmm, maybe one should lobby for an Article 5(1) equivalent for the communication to the public right in Article 3.

    ReplyDelete
  2. A more straightforward approach would be to hold that putting something on a server and giving the public access is "communicating the work to the public".

    Mere linking should not of itself on the face of it qualify as "communicating the work to the public" -- communication should require a server to actually send the bits and bytes.

    But linking, eg to a file locker, or giving the information to connect to a torrent might qualify as contributory infringement (provided the various requirements for contrib infringement are met).

    That would seem the sane way to draw the line here.

    ReplyDelete
  3. I think it semantics to try to make a difference between 'send' and 'fetch.'

    If you place something already in the public (and the web is certainly the modern day equivalent of the town public square), then the person placing it there has done all the necessary action, and anyone traveling through the public square should be free and clear. Anything else is an abrogation of public rights - the person placing the item in the public wants a certain benefit of the item being in the public but wants to restrict traditional public actions, thereby reducing public rights.

    I say that if you want the benefit of placing your item in the public, live with the well understood consequences. After all, the person placing the item in the public has the choice to do so - or not.

    ReplyDelete
  4. The hearing took place today. There was no AG in what the Judge Rapporteur described as an area already rich with judgments. There was one question to the parties. The parties were asked to comment on the assumption as to the facts (as stated by the Commission) that the articles in question appeared to have been uploaded with consent and thereafter were freely available on the internet and could be found using a regular search engine. Not surprisingly the parties gave diametrically opposed responses to this question.

    ReplyDelete
  5. @Anonymous on 7 Nov: this is very interesting, could you please get in touch to discuss further?

    ReplyDelete

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